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金融研究  2021, Vol. 487 Issue (1): 188-206    
  本期目录 | 过刊浏览 | 高级检索 |
股权质押下的控股股东增持:“价值信号”还是“行为信号”?
徐龙炳, 汪斌
上海财经大学金融学院, 上海 200433
Increased Holdings of Controlling Shareholders Under Equity Pledge: Value Signal or Behavioral Signal?
XU Longbing, WANG Bin
School of Finance, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
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摘要 在股权质押的背景下,理性的控股股东会利用投资者的有限理性,通过增持向市场发送行为信号来提振股价,以缓解控制权转移风险。研究发现:股权质押下控股股东更有可能增持;短期内增持公告产生了正向的市场反应,其程度在非质押组和质押组间无显著差异;而长期来看,增持后质押组的长期股价以及经营绩效表现弱于其对照组,而非质押组则好于其对照组,说明股权质押下的增持并不是价值信号,而是行为信号。进一步研究发现,质押对增持的正向效应在高平仓压力组、低公司质量组、监管环境较宽松的欠发达地区更显著。拓展性检验表明,在考虑减持影响后,股权质押下控股股东更倾向于通过二级市场买卖和竞价交易实施净增持,并且管理层与其他大股东也会在一定程度上迎合控股股东的增持行为。最后本文排除了传统增持动机假说对上述结论的替代性解释。
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徐龙炳
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关键词:  股权质押  控股股东增持  控制权转移风险  行为信号    
Summary:  In recent years, controlling shareholders have increased their holdings of the company's stocks. Most controlling shareholders claim that they increased their shares because they are confident in the company's trajectory and optimistic about its future prospects. However, studies have found that many controlling shareholders increased their holdings following an equity pledge. Why are controlling shareholders keen to increase their holdings after an equity pledge? Do holdings under different backgrounds send different signals? How does the market interpret the signals?
Traditional signal theory claims that an increase in the controlling shareholders' holdings transmits signals about the company's fundamentals and future development. Rational investors will use the signal to judge the company's value. They will believe that the current stock price deviates from the intrinsic value, which is considered the signal transmission effect. According to behavioral finance studies, investors have bounded rationality: their decision-making process has reference point dependence and representative deviation. A traditional signal transmission becomes a behavioral signal when the investor habituates the traditional signal. The behavioral signal is essentially a signal, but it does not reflect the company's fundamentals. Rather, it influences the investor's decision-making through their judgment of behavioral habits, resulting in the signal transmission effect. This paper argues that the increase in holdings under equity pledge is a behavioral signal, and the controlling shareholders have a motive to use the behavioral signal effect from an increase in holdings to stabilize the stock price, thus mitigating the risk of the equity pledge.
This study empirically tests a sample of A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017 and finds that controlling shareholders are more inclined to increase shareholdings under an equity pledge. Their inclination strengthens with the increase in pledge rate, indicating that the controlling shareholder's increase in holdings is an attempt to alleviate liquidation pressure and prevent the transfer of control.In the short term, there is no significant difference in the degree of positive market reaction between the non-pledged group and the pledged group. In the long run, the long-term stock price and the pledged group's operating performance after the increase in holdings are weaker than the control group. The non-pledged group is better than the control group, indicating that the increase in holdings under the pledge of equity is not a value signal but a behavioral signal. Further analysis reveals that the positive effect of the equity pledge on the increase in holdings is more pronounced in companies with high liquidation pressure, low-quality companies, and underdeveloped areas with loose regulatory environments. This finding proves that controlling shareholders increase their holdings under an equity pledge to alleviate liquidation pressure. Expansion tests show that a controlling shareholder under an equity pledge is more inclined to net increase in holdings after considering the impact of a reduction in shareholding. It also shows that management and other major shareholders cater to the controlling shareholder's increase in holdings. Finally, this article excludes the hypothesis of value underestimation, the hypothesis of political motivation, the hypothesis of enhanced control, and the hypothesis of overconfidence as alternative explanations.
This study makes three main contributions to the literature. First, this article deepens the research in the field of equity pledge. It connects the equity pledge with controlling shareholders and insider transactions and finds that the controlling shareholder under the equity pledge is motivated to alleviate the risk of a control transfer by increasing their holding. It also expands the perspective of equity pledge research. Second, this article provides new evidence from China for behavioral corporate finance research. From the perspective of behavioral signals, this article finds that the controlling shareholder's behavior is an attempt to leveragethe representative deviation of investor psychology. By sending behavioral signals, the stock price will rise in the short term, alleviating the risk of control transfer. Third, this article's conclusions have some policy implications. For the regulatory authorities, it is necessary to further improve the shareholder increase system and the equity pledge information disclosure system, and strengthen the supervision of controlling shareholder increases under equity pledges.
Keywords:  Share Pledge    Increased Holdings of Controlling Shareholders    Takeover Avoidance    Behavioral Signal
JEL分类号:  G30   G32   M52  
基金资助: * 本文感谢国家自然科学基金项目(71773073、72073088、71773072)的资助。
通讯作者:  汪斌,博士研究生,上海财经大学金融学院,E-mail:wangbin_zjnb@163.com.   
作者简介:  徐龙炳,经济学博士,教授,上海财经大学金融学院,E-mail:xlb@mail.shufe.edu.cn.
引用本文:    
徐龙炳, 汪斌. 股权质押下的控股股东增持:“价值信号”还是“行为信号”?[J]. 金融研究, 2021, 487(1): 188-206.
XU Longbing, WANG Bin. Increased Holdings of Controlling Shareholders Under Equity Pledge: Value Signal or Behavioral Signal?. Journal of Financial Research, 2021, 487(1): 188-206.
链接本文:  
http://www.jryj.org.cn/CN/  或          http://www.jryj.org.cn/CN/Y2021/V487/I1/188
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